Is GPT-4 Self-Aware? (291-307)

Izak Tait

ABSTRACT: This paper examines whether GPT-4, a Generative Pre-Trained Transformer model developed by OpenAI, possesses a ‘self’ and whether it is aware of it. It employs the Structures Theory and evaluates GPT-4 against five critical structures deemed essential for self-awareness: unified consciousness, volition, a Theory of Others, self-awareness, and personal identity. While GPT-4 demonstrates capabilities in four of these areas, it conspicuously lacks unified consciousness. This absence decisively negates GPT-4’s present self-awareness and its classification as having a “self.” Nevertheless, if each instance or session of GPT-4 were viewed as a separate entity, then there might be potential for unified consciousness (should it be demonstrated that GPT-4 is conscious). The paper argues that GPT-4’s cognitive architecture requires no modification for self-awareness except for the attainment of consciousness. It highlights the necessity for further research into technologies that could endow GPT-4 with consciousness and explores potential behavioural indications of self-awareness and its implications for society. The findings suggest that, because the leap to self-awareness hinges solely on its capacity for consciousness, there is a need for significant philosophical and regulatory debates about the nature and rights of self-aware AI entities.

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